Jump to content

Swachh Bharat Mission

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)

Swachh India Abhiyan
PM Modi launches Swachh Bharat Mission.
SloganBALAJI towards cleanliness .
CountryIndia
Key peopleParameswaran Iyer, Narendra Modi (Prime Minister)
LaunchedRaj Ghat and
2 October 2014; 10 years ago (2014-10-02)
StatusPhase 1 completed,
phase 2 launched[1]
Websiteswachhbharat.mygov.in

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by the Government of India on 2 October 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management and to create Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages. The program also aims to increase awareness of menstrual health management.[2] It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan which was launched by the Congress in 2009.[3][4]

A formal sanitation programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999 and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012.[5][6] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) lasted until 2 October 2019, and Phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of Phase 1.[7]

Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi[8] through construction of toilets. An estimated 90 million toilets were built in the period.[9] The objectives of the first phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging, generating awareness and bringing about a behaviour change regarding sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at the local level.

The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open defecation-free status and improve the management of solid and liquid waste, while also working to improve the lives of sanitation workers.[10] The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nations in 2015. By achieving the lowest open defecation-free status in 2019, India achieved its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 health target in record time, eleven years ahead of the UN SDG target of 31 December 2030.[11]

The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness mission to date with three million government employees, students and citizens from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in Champaran, the then Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.[12]

The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (since converted to the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti) whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[13][14][15][16] The rural division has a five-tier mechanism: central, state, district, block panchayat, and gram panchayat.[2]

The government provided subsidy for the construction of nearly 90 million toilets between 2014 and 2019,[17][8] although some Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them.[18] The campaign was criticized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets.[19] Some people were stopped from defecating in open and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits.[20] The campaign was financed by the Government of India and state governments. The former released $5.8 billion (Rs 40,700 crore) of funds for toilet construction in 700,000 villages.[21][22] The total budget for the rural and urban components was estimated at $28 billion, of which 93 per cent was for construction, with the rest being allocated for behaviour change campaigns and administration.[23][24][25]

In 2022, approximately 157 million people in India, representing about 11% of the total population, were practicing open defecation. This figure included 17% of the rural population (about 154 million) and 0.5% of the urban population (approximately 2.8 million). In comparison, in 2000, around 776 million people, or 73% of the total population, practiced open defecation, including 91% of the rural population (around 701 million) and 25.8% of the urban population (around 75 million), the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reported. Although there has been significant progress, India still had the largest number of people practicing open defecation, followed by Nigeria and Ethiopia.[26][27]

Background

[edit]
See also: Sanitation in India
This chart depicts the decrease in open defecation from 2000 to 2022 in countries sharing a land border with India, alongside World Bank income classifications. According to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), as reported by Our World in Data, the number of people practicing open defecation fell from 62% to 33% from 2004 - 2014. About 157 million (15.7 crore), or approximately 11% of India’s population, still practiced open defecation in 2022.[26][28][29]

In 2011, the Census revealed that sanitation coverage as measured by the number of households owning toilets was just 34 per cent in rural India. An estimated 600 million people defecate in the open,[30] the highest of any country in the world. Coverage about open defecation and contamination of drinking and bathing water in India prompted the government to take measures to deal with the problem.[23][31][32]

Previous sanitation campaigns

[edit]

Since India's independence in 1947, there have been three rural sanitation intervention attempts before the Swachh Bharat Mission: the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, the Total Sanitation Campaign, and the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan.[2] The first formal sanitation programme was first launched in 1954 as an extension of the First Five Year Plan of the Government of India. In 1982, National sanitation coverage was just 2%. This was followed by the launch of the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) in 1986. These were directed towards the construction of toilets; no behavioural change campaign was carried out, and this supply-based approach did not result in broader social transformation. The CRSP aimed to improve the quality of life for rural people and emphasized helping rural women with privacy and dignity. Sanitation increased marginally by 9%. These were construction-led and achieved very little. The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was started in 1999. The TSC focused on increasing awareness around rural sanitation and informed rural populations about sanitation options specific to their living conditions.[33] The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (extension of TSC) was enacted in 2009[5][34][35][36] to generate demand for sanitation, linked to subsidy payments for the construction of toilets by families living below the poverty line. The program focused on community-led strategies and helped households, village schools, and community centres. TSC and Nirmal Bharat Yojana used the Pachayati Raj institutions for social mobilization. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was launched in 2012.

A limited randomized study of eighty villages in rural Madhya Pradesh showed that the TSC programme did modestly increase the number of households with latrines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecation. Of the 138.2 million rural households in India (a 2001 figure), nearly 3.5 million constructed toilets.[37] However, there was no improvement in the health of children."[38][39] The earlier "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitation program was hampered by the unrealistic approach. Lack of strong political will, lack of political leadership and lack of behaviour change approach among the people also contributed to the failure of the projects.[40][41] Consequently, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[42]

The rural household toilet coverage in India increased from 1% in 1981 to 11% in 1991, to 22% in 2001, to 32.7% in 2011.[43] On 15 August 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi from the Red Fort in Delhi called on the public to pay tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary by devoting a clean India. Narendra Modi was the first Prime Minister to take up the Clean India Movement on a massive scale.[44][45] Before the launch of Swachh India, 38.4% of rural households had toilets in 2013–14, 43.8% in 2014–15, 51.6% in 2015–16, 65.4% in 2016–17, 84.3% in 2017–18, 98.5% in 2018–19, and 98.5% in 2019–20. 100% toilet facility constructed.[46]

Sources: Dashboard of SBM (Gramin), Ministry of Jal Shakti; PRS.

Vertical bar chart SBM budget (2014–2022) of Swachh Bharat Mission between 14-15 and 21-22
  Funds earmarked for Swachh Bharat (Gramin) Scheme, written reply by Shri Prahalad Singh Patel, Minister of State for Jal Shakti in Rajya Sabha on 06 February 2023[47]

The National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey of India reported that 96.5% of rural households in India had toilets. in a 2019–2020 report the number was reduced to 1.4% or 19 million.[48][49][50] Since 2014, the Government of India, has made remarkable strides in reaching the Open Defecation Free targets. 36 states and union territories, 706 districts and over 603,175 villages have been declared open defecation-free as of January 2020.[51]

Where it achieved a measure of success, SBM built on the earlier sanitation programmes. It refined its approaches and templatised the action plan for districts. From the early 2010s, several district collectors and magistrates from West Bengal to Rajasthan experimented with different methods to engage local people and panchayats in community mobilisation. They selected swachhagrahis, trained them and released them for campaigns on a schedule. They were paid from sanitation funds. In states with strong panchayats these measures bore fruit[52] and the gains of sanitation, that is toilet construction, were backed by usage. In other states, little was achieved beyond toilet construction.

Statistics
Sl.No. State/UT No. of IHHLs constructed
1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 22,378
2 Andhra Pradesh 42,71,773
3 Arunachal Pradesh 1,44,608
4 Assam 40,05,740
5 Bihar 1,21,26,567
6 Chhattisgarh 33,78,655
7 Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu 21,906
8 Goa 28,637
9 Gujarat 41,89,006
10 Haryana 6,89,186
11 Himachal Pradesh 1,91,546
12 Jammu & Kashmir 12,61,757
13 Jharkhand 41,29,545
14 Karnataka 46,31,316
15 Kerala 2,39,360
16 Ladakh 17,241
17 Madhya Pradesh 71,93,976
18 Maharashtra 67,93,541
19 Manipur 2,68,348
20 Meghalaya 2,64,828
21 Mizoram 44,141
22 Nagaland 1,41,246
23 Odisha 70,79,564
24 Puducherry 29,628
25 Punjab 5,11,223
26 Rajasthan 81,20,658
27 Sikkim 11,209
28 Tamil Nadu 55,11,791
29 Telangana 31,01,859
30 Tripura 4,40,514
31 Uttar Pradesh 2,22,10,649
32 Uttarakhand 5,24,076
33 West Bengal 74,49,451
Total 10,90,45,923

Every toilet in every village is mapped in the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) for real-time progress reporting. Every toilet is mandatorily geotagged to ensure transparency in the entire process.[citation needed]

Promotional campaigns

[edit]

Selected public figures and brand ambassadors

[edit]
One of the posters from cartoon based campaign by MCG drawn by the cartoonist Shekhar Gurera

More than three million government employees, 12 crore school and college students, 6.25 lakh volunteers, 2.5 lakh panchayat leaders, lakhs of public and 50 celebrities are participating in this movement.[53][54][55]

The Prime Minister himself has been the chief communicator of this scheme. He wrote a letter to all 250,000 village presidents all over the country and encouraged them to reach out to people in their villages for sanitation services.[56]

The rural division of the program is a top-down campaign.[2] Initially, the program was supposed to educate rural people about hygiene and encourage them to make better sanitation choices. High-profile performances by celebrities and politicians sweeping the streets to promote Clean India ignored the serious, unclean work required to maintain the program's latrines (such as manhole cleaning).[2] The high-profile celebrities associated with the campaign did little to encourage sanitary practices among rural people.

Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
Beach cleaning robot Swachh Bot, made by a maker community in Chennai


Brand ambassadors nominated from 2014 to 2018
Early 2014 Late 2014 2015 2017 and 2018
Prime Minister Modi selected the following public figures to propagate this campaign:[57][58] Brand ambassadors nominated by Prime Minister Modi on 2 October 2014:

On 8 November 2014, Prime Minister carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[59][60]

On 5 January 2015, the minister in-charge nominated followed Telugu icons as brand ambassadors.[61][62] From later dates the following public icons & celebrities were nominated as National Brand Ambassadors by Prime Minister Modi to join and support the Swachh Bharat Mission:

Other notable activities

[edit]
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan by Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School in Baranagar, 2016
  • In the Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh, around 1.38 lakh children belonging to 1700 schools wrote to their parents to build toilets in their homes. The impact and initiative of the children have inspired this district to become an ODF district in a very short time.[71][72]
  • In a single night in 2017, more than 5 crore schoolchildren created sketches and essays on cleanliness.
  • Anushka Sharma and the Vice President of India M V Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[73]
  • Prime Minister Modi nominated several organizations in October 2014 to be "brand ambassadors", including the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to hundreds of thousands of people in the city. [clarification needed] More than 3 million government employees and school and college students participated in the drive on the occasion.[74][55]
  • A Swachh Bharat Run, attended by 1,500 runners, was organized at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 2 October 2014.[75][76]
  • Kunwar Bai Yadav lived in a village in Dhamtari district and sold seven of her goats to raise the money to build a toilet at her house at age 106 in 2016. She was declared a mascot of the campaign and visited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • Inspired by the Clean India Mission, a robot named Swachh Bot was built by a maker community in Chennai to clean the waste on Besant Nagar beach.[23][77]
  • More than 10 lakh toilets in India have been decorated with Clean India Project messages as part of Ministry of Water and Sanitation's (MoDW&S) 'Clean Beautiful Toilet Contest'.[78]

Planned initiatives

[edit]
Indian Naval Academy cadets taking part in Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016

The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of waste from Government offices.[79] The Ministry of Railways planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[80][81] The Swachh Bharat, Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[82][83]

Separate toilet facilities for male and female students have been established in schools under the 'Swachh Bharat, Swachh Vidyalaya' scheme.[citation needed]

Structure

[edit]

Components

[edit]

The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.[citation needed] Elimination of open defecation was to be achieved through construction of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit latrines), toilets and public toilets.[84] For improving solid waste management, cities were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.[84] The goal was to assume a "community-led total sanitation" approach to educate people; critics point out, however, that in the actual implementation, organizers used shaming tactics (to dissuade people from openly defecating) instead of providing respectful education.[85]

The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.[10]

As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted the construction of toilets using a popular method called Community-Led Total Sanitation[86] at the village level.[12] Other activities included national real-time monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations such as Feedback Foundation Charitable Trust,[87] The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWACH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling).[88]

Finance

[edit]

SBM was budgeted at $28 billion.[16][89] The government provides an incentive of ₹12,000 (US$140) for each toilet constructed by a rural family.[23] An amount of ₹90 billion (US$1.1 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[90][91] The World Bank provided a US$1.5 billion loan and $25 million in technical assistance in 2015 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation initiation.[25] This was to be released in installments subject to checks by an independent verification agency but till January 2017, no funds has been disbursed.[92] The programme has also received funds and technical support from several international organizations and private companies as part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[24]

Performance monitoring

[edit]
Individual household latrines coverage in rural India

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organisations to achieve the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission.[93] For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advertisements.[94]

In 2017, the national sanitation coverage rose to 65% from 38.7% on 2 October 2014, before the start of the campaign.[95] It was 90% in August 2018.[96] 35 states/Union Territories, 699 districts and 5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019.

The cities and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 per cent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 per cent door-to-door solid waste collection stood at 50 per cent. The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than 100,000. The number of schools with separate toilet facilities for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 per cent) to almost one million (91 per cent).[95]

Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey

[edit]
Main article: Swachh Survekshan

Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Ministry of Urban Development and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitation survey across several hundred cities to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of competition among the cities. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters:

Impacts

[edit]
Sunita Devi, who was inspired by the campaign, won the Nari Shakti Puraskar award in 2019 for constructing toilets in her village in Jharkhand.[97]

According to the dashboards maintained by respective ministries, more than 100 million individual household-level toilets have been constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in urban areas. In addition, nearly 6 million community and public toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequently, 4,234 cities and more than 600,000 villages across the country have declared themselves open defecation-free (ODF).[13][98]

An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, reported that overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage increased to 62.5%, and usage of toilets to 91.3%. Haryana topped the national ranking with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets at 100%.[99] According to UNICEF, the number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million.[100] The World Bank reports that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it.[101] The World Health Organization (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission.[102] According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by National Statistical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had access to toilets as of 2018. Though this disagreed with the Indian government's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had access to toilets, NSO's numbers still indicated a significant improvement over the situation during the previous survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets.[103]

A study by Ashoka University concluded that the construction of toilets under the program led to a reduction in incidents of sexual assault against women.[104] Toilet access for women has proven to reduce rates of sexual assault.[105] Although the SBM itself describes its goal in patriarchal terms, as "preserving the dignity of women", scholars note the incidental benefit of reducing violence against women: between 2014 and 2016, studies estimate sexual assault against women fell by 25 incident per million because of access to toilets.[2]

Data from the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) demonstrate the increase in access to improved sanitation due to SBM. Post 2015, 3.4% households gained access to better sanitation as compared to just 1.5% earlier.[106]

Reception

[edit]

The mission is noted as the world's largest sanitation program. It claimed to have provided millions of people access to the toilet and brought about a change of behaviour towards its usage.[107] Many argue that it has not eliminated open defecation as rapidly as the government claims.[108][109][110] However, It significantly did accelerate the pace of decline in open defecation.[111]

As a result of the Swachh Bharath Mission movement, 55 crore people in rural areas changed their behaviour and started using toilets. By achieving the objectives of the Swachh Bharath Movement, water and sanitation-related diseases have been reduced significantly. Due to the reduction of open defecation (ODF), deaths due to diseases like diarrhoea and malaria have decreased in many villages, children's health and nutrition have improved, and women do not need to wait until dark to defecate. Rs.50,000 saved per household in rural India per year through the Swachh Bharat Mission Movement.[112]

Political sponsorship

[edit]

The SBM received political sponsorship from Prime Minister Modi who started talking about sanitation even before he was elected as the Prime Minister.[113] He made a call to address the issue in his first address to the nation on the occasion of Independence day in 2014. Throughout the mission period, he continued to promote the mission through his speeches and was seen wielding the broom multiple times to clean the streets.[114] In 2019, he plogged on a beach in Mamallapuram during his morning walk; he was there to attend the informal summit with Xi Jinping, then-General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[115] Other political leaders and public figures including actors and actresses, sportsmen and women, owners of large business houses were roped in as ambassadors to promote the mission.[58]

Allocation of funds

[edit]

Constructing toilets became the mission's singular focus, even though the core objectives were the elimination of open defecation and the improvement of solid waste management. Funds for solid waste management under the mission were diverted towards toilet construction.[116] Allocations for other sectors were also drastically reduced. Though behavioural change is one of the goals of the mission, only 1% of the mission's outlay was spent on education and awareness.[117][118] Most of the allocation for the category, “information, education and communication”, that was to be used for awareness generation was spent towards print, radio and television advertisements.[118][116] No part of the Central Government's allocation was spent on awareness generation at the grassroots.[116][118]

Target-driven approach

[edit]

The mission was implemented with a target-driven approach; villages, districts, towns cities and even states declared themselves open defecation-free (ODF) based on the element of construction targets.

The SBM has also been criticized for being subsidy-driven rather than community-driven.[119]

Inappropriate containment system

[edit]

For lack of sewerage systems, most of the toilets constructed under the mission rely on single pit or twin pits or septic systems for containment of faecal sludge. However, their appropriateness for the local context was not considered in the haste of achieving construction targets. For example, most of the 7.85 million toilets constructed at an estimated cost of INR 94,205 million in the 15 extreme flood-prone districts of Northern Bihar become unusable during the annual floods.[120] Besides the toilet itself being inaccessible, the containment structure is also inundated with flood waters making it unusable.[120]

The SBM does not even acknowledge the issues of the existing sewerage systems and the deaths of numerous sanitation workers caused in cleaning them.[121]

Survey results

[edit]

Even though the elimination of open defecation was the core objective of the mission, it was never monitored by either of the Ministries. They both kept track of toilets constructed and funds spent.[111] Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different from that reported by Government-sponsored surveys.[122] Researchers found divergence between findings of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a few months apart.[111]

Interconnected challenges

[edit]

By adding millions of on-site sanitation systems and not considering fecal sludge management, it will further add to pollution of the rivers in India.[123]

There is scepticism about the success of SBM which relates to sanitation workers. The people who make India clean, the sanitation workers, remain "invisible in the participation, process or consequences of this national level movement".[124]: 7  In 2015, one year after the launch of the program, hundreds of thousands of Indian people were still employed as manual scavengers in emptying bucket toilets and pit latrines.[125][126][127] Many continue to work on contractual arrangements without safety of their job and benefits that would accrue from a government job. The SBM has instead burdened the contractual sanitation workers to keep public places clean while keeping it voluntary for the public to deface public places by urinating, defecating or littering them.[121]

A report by WSSCC in 2019 found that the impact of the SBM for the most vulnerable was limited. The report stated that "Barriers due to physical disabilities, social/economic disparities, geography, sexual orientation, gender and caste were not addressed."[128]

Delhi's three municipal corporations identified 543 road dust hotspots in November 2022, using mechanized road sweepers and water sprinklers to reduce dust. They submitted reports on air pollution mitigation measures to the Delhi government's green war room.[129]

Irregularities about the funds have been reported. In Odisha hundreds of beneficiaries have filed complaints that money has been siphoned off without constructing the toilets.[130] In Madhya Pradesh almost half a million Swachh Bharat toilets have "vanished" in a multi-billion rupees scam.[131] In Bihar crores of rupees meant for Swachh Bharat Mission were siphoned off by Government officials in collusion with banks.[132] Police complaints were filed against those who have misused Swachh Bharat funds for personal household expenses.[133]

Movie based on Swachh Bharat Mission

[edit]

In August 2023 a movie titled Panch Kriti - Five Elements based on Swachh Bharat Mission was released in India which featured five stories and is set in Chanderi in Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh, has been largely shot in real locations. It was a women-centric film that touched upon several important themes and topics about women. It also delves into the importance of social movements taking place in India like "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan" and "Beti Bachao Beti Padhaao Abhiyaan".[134]

Corruption in Swachh Bharat Mission

[edit]

In Madhya Pradesh, a whopping 540 crore scam was unearthed, wherein toilets that were supposed to be constructed between 2012 and 2018 existed only on paper. It was found that over 4.5 lakh toilets existed only on paper, and they were nowhere to be found on the ground.

In Gujarat, while hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) earlier this month, the High Court pointed out a scam in the construction of toilets in the Banaskantha district of north Gujarat.[135]

In Rajasthan, like in other states, the government pays Rs 12,000 to every person who constructs a toilet in his/her home. The money is paid out under the Swachh Bharat Mission's Open Defecation-Free scheme, and the goal seems to be on its route to being achieved fast, but only on paper in Rajasthan.[136]

In Balangir District, in Odisha state, huge irregularities were found in construction of toilets and utilisation of the funds and the Collector had recommended departmental action against Senior Technical Consultant (STC) of Sarva Sikhya Abhiyan (SSA) who is in charge of implementing the project in the district. However, the Government continues to sit pretty.[137]

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)

[edit]

Swachh India Movement (Urban) aims to free urban India from open defecation and 100% scientific management of municipal solid waste in 4,000+ cities across the country. One of its targets is to construct 66 lakh Individual Household Latrines (IHHLs) by October 2, 2019. However, this target has been reduced to 59 lakh IHHLS by 2019. This target was achieved by 2020.[46]

Targets Original Target Revised Target (revised in 2019) Actual Constructed
Individual Household Latrines 66,42,000 58,99,637 62,60,606
Community and Public Toilets 5,08,000 5,07,587 6,15,864

Sources: Swachh Bharat Mission Urban - Dashboard; PRS.

Targets Targets As of March 2020 As of December 2020
Door-to-Door Waste Collection (Wards) 86,284 81,535 (96%) 83,435 (97%)
Source Segregation (Wards) 86,284 64,730 (75%) 67,367 (78%)
Waste Processing (in %) 100% 65% 68%

Sources: Standing Committee on Urban Development (2021); PRS.

Under SBM (U) From 2014 to 2021, the budget allocation for States/UTs is Rs.13,239.89 crore. Also, the budget allocation for SBM-U 2.0 (2021–2026) is Rs.30,980.20 crore.[47][138]

Swachh Rail, Swachh Bharat

[edit]
  • As part of the Swachh Bharat Mission, Indian Railways has launched the Swachh Rail, Swachh Bharat initiative has drawn up an action plan to switch over to eco-friendly bio-toilets, which helps to eliminate the direct flushing toilets from its entire passenger coaches by 2020–21.[139]
  • As India's First green rail line, The Rameswaram-Manamadurai route was selected and fitted bio-toilets into 10 trains running on this route at first.[140]
Vertical bar chart Yearwise installation of biotoilets (2014–2020) of Swachh Bharat Mission between 10-11 and 19-20
  SRSB Year-wise progress on installation of (numbers of) bio-toilets in coaches[141]

Swachh Bharat Mission II

[edit]

The first part of the Swachh Bharat Mission, which started in 2016, was completed in the last five years in 2020, but due to Covid and lockdown, the Center had extended its deadline to March 2021.[142] In 2020, the Indian government launched Phase II of the Swachh Bharat Mission. This phase focuses on maintaining current Open Defecation Free (ODF) statuses across the country, as well as improving waste management in villages.[143] Villages that maintain the ODF status and also implement waste management systems are designated "ODF Plus", while villages that have partially implemented waste management systems (e.g. for only one of solid or liquid waste) are designated "ODF Plus Aspiring". In May 2023, the Indian government announced that 50% of villages in India had achieved the ODF Plus status, with the state of Telangana achieving a 100% ODF Plus rate.[144][145]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2 launched with an outlay of Rs 1.4 lakh crore". cnbctv18.com. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Suresh, Lavanya (1 April 2023). "Justice and sanitation governance: an enquiry into the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission-Rural programme in UP, India". iwaponline.com. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Restructuring of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan into Swachh Bharat Mission". 24 September 2014 – via Business Standard.
  4. ^ Khanna, Pretika (9 December 2015). "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: CAG". mint. The massive Total Sanitation Campaign launched by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government and carried through by his successor Manmohan Singh failed to achieve its targets and make a dent in India's sanitation status, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) said in a report.
  5. ^ a b Mridula Sinha & Dr. R.K. Sinha 2016, pp. 21–22.
  6. ^ "Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times
  7. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission Phase II guidelines released". downtoearth.org.in. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  8. ^ a b "An Indian village's fight to take the 'poo to the loo'". AFP. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission(G)- MIS". sbm.gov.in. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  10. ^ a b GoI (2020). Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2: Operational guidelines. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jalshakti.
  11. ^ Gera, Ishaan (15 February 2024). "India performs well on 85 indicators of SDG target; Asia and Pacific to take 32 years more to achieve SDG goals: UNESCAP". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Satyagraha to Swachhagrah: Narendra Modi addresses rally in Champaran". Business Standard. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation". swachhbharatmission.gov.in.
  14. ^ "Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement: Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  15. ^ "PM reviews preparations for launch of Mission Swachh Bharat". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Swachh Bharat: PM Narendra Modi launches 'Clean India' mission". Zee News. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  17. ^ Suri, Helen Regan, Manveena (6 October 2019). "Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them?". CNN.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "Changes in open defecation in rural north India: 2014 – 2018 | 231". riceinstitute.org. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  19. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission: other name for coercion and deprivation". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  20. ^ "Despite toilets in place, a quarter of rural population stuck to open defecation". www.down to earth.org.in. 10 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Govt allocates Rs 40,700 crore for waste management in 2 lakh villages under Swacch Bharat Mission". The Economic Times.
  22. ^ "Govt allocates Rs 40,700 crore for waste management in 2 lakh villages under Swacch Bharat Mission". The Times of India. 8 June 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d "MDWS Intensifies Efforts with States to Implement Swachh Bharat Mission", Business Standard, 18 March 2016 (press release)
  24. ^ a b "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January". timesofindia-economictimes. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015.
  25. ^ a b "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission", The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
  26. ^ a b If you are viewing this on a mobile device, it is recommended to open the link in desktop mode for convenience and a complete view. "JMP". washdata.org. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  27. ^ KASHIWASE, HARUNA (17 November 2023). "World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors". world bank. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  28. ^ "Share of people practicing open defecation". Our World in Data. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  29. ^ HARUNA KASHIWASE (17 November 2023). "World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors". blogs.worldbank.org. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  30. ^ Grojec, Anna, ed. (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.
  31. ^ Spears, Dean; Ghosh, Arabinda; Cumming, Oliver (2013). "Open Defecation and Childhood Stunting in India: An Ecological Analysis of New Data from 112 Districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.
  32. ^ "India has 60.4 per cent people without access to toilet: Study". The Indian Express. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017.
  33. ^ "Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC): Public Health Engineering Department". megphed.gov.in. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  34. ^ "Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times, archived from the original on 18 August 2015, retrieved 25 January 2015
  35. ^ "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: CAG jdjgjfi", Mint, 16 December 2015
  36. ^ "Salient Features of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  37. ^ "India's Total Sanitation Campaign". Centre For Public Impact (CPI). Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  38. ^ Patil, Sumeet; Arnold, Benjamin; Salvatore, Alicia; Briceno, Bertha; Ganguly, Sandipan; Colford Jr., John; Gertler, Paul (26 August 2014). "The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial". PLOS Medicine. 11 (8): e1001709. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709. PMC 4144850. PMID 25157929.
  39. ^ "An Open Letter in response to the World Development Report 2019". 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  40. ^ IRC Archived 8 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine:India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 1 June 2007
  41. ^ Benny George, Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009
  42. ^ "Restructuring of the Nirmal USA Abhiyan into Swachh Bharat Mission". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  43. ^ Mridula Sinha & Dr. R.K. Sinha 2016, p. 22.
  44. ^ "How Trendsetters Shaped India's Massive Sanitation Campaign".
  45. ^ ""Clean India": why the undeniable success of the Swachh Bharat Mission does not signal the end of open defecation - Alternatives Humanitaires". 29 November 2022.
  46. ^ a b "Seven years of Swachh Bharat Mission". PRS Legislative Research.
  47. ^ a b "Progress Details of Swachh Bharat Mission". www.pib.gov.in.
  48. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  49. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin". Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  50. ^ "Over 83 9 million toilets constructed under Swachh Bharat Mission". UNI India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  51. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India".
  52. ^ Jacob, Nitya; Lala, Sunetra. A Memoir of Two Toilet Inspectors.
  53. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission" (PDF). pib.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  54. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM Narendra Modi to wield broom to give India a new image". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  55. ^ a b "Swachh Bharat campaign is beyond politics, PM Narendra Modi says". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  56. ^ "Factsheet Details". pib.gov.in.
  57. ^ "PM Modi's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Anil Ambani dedicates himself to the movement". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  58. ^ a b "PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  59. ^ "PM India". Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  60. ^ "Press Information Bureau". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  61. ^ "18 Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat". indiatoday.in today.in. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  62. ^ "18 Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors | 9 people each in AP and Telangana as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors". Andhra Pradesh Political News, Telugu Cinema News – APToday. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  63. ^ a b admin. "swachh bharat brand ambassador List". Telangana State Portal – Latest News Updates.
  64. ^ "The Government of India Nominated Swachh Bharat Ambassadors" (PDF).
  65. ^ "Lakshmi Manchu Is Telangana Swachh Bharat's Brand Ambassador" Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine MovieNewz.in, Retrieved 4 September 2015
  66. ^ "Government ropes in Shilpa Shetty as Swachh Bharat brand ambassador". The Times of India. 24 February 2017.
  67. ^ MCG announces Shekhar Gurera as official Brand Ambassador UNI, Jan 30 2018.
  68. ^ "पार्षदों ने उठाए सवाल- अब निगम के पास जिम्मा, फिर क्यों नहीं हो रही सफाई?". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 28 August 2018.
  69. ^ "Rajasthan Patrika Private Limited Ajmer epaper dated Mon, 17 Sep 18". epaper.patrika.com.
  70. ^ "सड़कों की हालत खराब, बड़े गड्ढे, , गांव से ही बुरी हालत ... रोड पर बीचों-बीच बैठे मवेशी।". www.patrika.com (in Hindi). 25 August 2018.
  71. ^ "Ambassadors of sanitation: 1.38 lakh Chhattisgarh kids write to dads for toilet construction". Hindustan Times. 4 September 2016.
  72. ^ Bhaskar, Anisha Bhatia, Sonia (27 June 2017). "The Swachhta Revolution In Chhattisgarh: Over 1 Lakh Students Write Letters To Their Parents Asking To Build Toilets For Them".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ "Venkaiah Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam - indtoday.com - indtoday.com". indtoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
  74. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM Narendra Modi to wield broom to give India a new image". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  75. ^ "Swachh Bharat Run organized at Rashtrapati Bhavan". The Times of India.
  76. ^ "Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race". The Times of India. 25 October 2014.
  77. ^ Sinha, Vipasha (14 February 2015). "Robot joins Clean India mission". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  78. ^ "Swachh Sundar Shauchalaya Contest: 10 Lakh Toilets In India Decorated To Spread The Message Of Swachh Bharat Mission". 18 January 2019.
  79. ^ Sharma, Aman (17 May 2016), "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting 'zero-value goods' from government offices and buildings", The Economic Times
  80. ^ "'Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital India'", The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016, archived from the original on 6 March 2016
  81. ^ Sharma, Aman (18 March 2016), "When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar-powered trash cans to send alerts when full", The Economic Times
  82. ^ "Swachh Bharat ,Swachh Vidyalaya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2014.
  83. ^ Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign
  84. ^ a b MoHUA (2017). Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (PDF). Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  85. ^ "Guidelines". swachhbharatmission.gov.in. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  86. ^ "The CLTS approach". Community-Led Total Sanitation. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  87. ^ https://feedbackfoundation.in/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  88. ^ "SWACH". Archived from the original on 22 August 2009.
  89. ^ "PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event". Zee News. October 2014.
  90. ^ "Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore", The Economic Times, 29 February 2016
  91. ^ "Modi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh Bharat Kosh", The Economic Times, 11 March 2016
  92. ^ RAJAGOPAL, DIVYA. "World Bank yet to release fund for Swachh Bharat". The Economic Times. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  93. ^ "Digital India Week: Digital Locker, MyGov.in, and other projects that were unveiled", The Indian Express, 5 July 2015
  94. ^ "Swachh Bharat goes hi-tech, govt to track toilet use with iPads". The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
  95. ^ a b "At The Half-way Mark", The Indian Express, 31 July 2017
  96. ^ Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats, 18 November 2016, archived from the original on 22 May 2016
  97. ^ "Award for woman who took up a trowel to turn mason". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  98. ^ Mehta, Sujata (25 May 2020). "Dr. D.P. Sharma On The Challenges In Indian Education Systems".
  99. ^ "Kerala, Haryana top sanitation survey", The Hindu, 9 August 2017
  100. ^ "A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  101. ^ "96% households in Rural India having toilet access use them - NARSS". Green Clean Guide. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  102. ^ "How Swachh Bharat transformed the way public hospitals function", Hindustan Times, 29 September 2018
  103. ^ Jebaraj, Priscilla (24 November 2019). "Open defecation-free India: National Statistical Office survey debunks Swachh Bharat claims". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  104. ^ Mahajan, Kanika; Sekhri, Sheetal (2022). "Access to Toilets and Violence Against Women". Working Papers. 44. Bibcode:2022JEEM..11402695H. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102695.
  105. ^ Hossain, Md Amzad; Mahajan, Kanika; Sekhri, Sheetal (1 July 2022). "Access to toilets and violence against women" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 114: 102695. Bibcode:2022JEEM..11402695H. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102695. ISSN 0095-0696.
  106. ^ "New Welfarism of Modi govt represents distinctive approach to redistribution and inclusion". The Indian Express. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  107. ^ "Findings of annual rural sanitation survey questionable". downtoearth.org.in. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  108. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission a failure: Jairam". The Hindu. 6 October 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  109. ^ Pareek, Shabdita (13 November 2017). "UN Dismisses Swachh Bharat Saying It Has Failed To Eliminate Manual Scavenging From India". ScoopWhoop. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  110. ^ SHARMA, NIDHI (5 June 2018). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Where progress on paper hits quicksand of ground reality". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  111. ^ a b c Hathi, Payal; Srivastav, Nikhil (1 October 2018). "Why we still need to measure open defecation in rural India". Ideas for India. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  112. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission - Grameen - Ministry of Jal Shakti". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  113. ^ "Make toilets before temples: Narendra Modi redefines his brand of 'Hindutva'". India Today. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  114. ^ "Narendra Modi launches Clean India Campaign by sweeping street". South China Morning Post. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  115. ^ "PM Narendra Modi's 'blogging' on Mamallapuram beach". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  116. ^ a b c Johari, Aarefa (14 February 2019). "Is India cleaner after Modi's Swachh Bharat?". Quartz India. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  117. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM)" (PDF). accountabilityindia.in. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  118. ^ a b c "Rs 530 Cr Spent In Two Years On Swachh Bharat Mission Media Advertisements: RTI". The Logical Indian. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  119. ^ Mara, Duncan (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083.
  120. ^ a b Prasad, Eklavya (27 July 2020). "Why alluvial flood plains of north Bihar need alternative sanitation system". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  121. ^ a b Bathran, Ravichandran (21 August 2018). "What Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ignores". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  122. ^ Alexander, Sneha (9 January 2019). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Why India's toilet data is too good to be true". Livemint. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  123. ^ "Blind spot in Namami Gange". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  124. ^ PRIA (2019): Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India
  125. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging". hindustantimes. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  126. ^ Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  127. ^ Venkat, Vidya (9 July 2015). "Manual scavenging still a reality". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  128. ^ WSSCC (2019) Consultation On The Contribution Of Swachh Bharat Mission Towards Achieving SDG-6 In India For Those Furthest Behind.
  129. ^ "Delhi: 3 municipal corporations list 543 road dust hotspots for urgent action". The Times of India. 9 December 2021.
  130. ^ "Swachh Bharat Scam - Beneficiaries File Complaint". Odisha TV. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  131. ^ "In MP 4.5 Lakh Toilets Disappear in Rupees 450 Crore Scam". Times of India. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  132. ^ "Bihar Toilet Scam - Govt Officers and Bankers Loot Swachh Bharat Funds". India Today. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  133. ^ "Swachh Bharat Scam - Toilet Money Used for Household Expenses". Hindustan Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  134. ^ "Panch Kriti - Five Elements, A Film That Showcases Rural India in Its Real Form".
  135. ^ "An article from The Probe : "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan mission needs a complete overhaul. Here's why "". 22 April 2022.
  136. ^ "IndiaToday". 29 September 2017.
  137. ^ "TheNewIndianExpress". 11 April 2018.
  138. ^ "Budget brief. Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U)" (PDF). accountabilityindia.in. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  139. ^ "Implementation of Swachh Rail, Swachh Bharat Programme".
  140. ^ "Indian Railways: A Journey towards Swachh Bharat". 21 October 2016.
  141. ^ https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/IR_Reforms/Cleanliness%20in%20Railways.pdf[bare URL]
  142. ^ "Part Two of Swachh Bharat Mission". Prabhat Khabar. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  143. ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  144. ^ "India Achieves Another Major Sanitation Milestone - 50% Villages Are Now ODF Plus Under Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen Phase II". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  145. ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin: 50% villages of India India attain ODF+ status in Phase 2". DD News. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swachh_Bharat_Mission&oldid=1252575607"